INTRODUCTION
Romanticism meets the revolutionary impulse of the early nineteenth century. Based on the exaltation of the individual and the cult of artistic freedom, represented the victory of sentiment over reason. FEATURES
. Whatever the genre of the work, the author's exalted soul poured into it all his feelings of dissatisfaction with a world that limits and slows the flight of his desire both in love, and society, patriotism, etc. Nature make it merges with its mood and melancholy display, gloomy, mysterious, dark ... Unlike the neoclassical, which showed little interest in landscape. The desire for passionate love, longing for happiness and hold infinity in the romantic cause an uneasiness, a huge disappointment that sometimes leads them to suicide, as is the case of Mariano José de Larra. Attraction
at night and mysterious. The romantic place their feelings mourners and defrauded or melancholy mysterious places, like ruins, forests, cemeteries ... In the same way who are attracted to the supernatural, that which is beyond any logic, like miracles, apparitions, visions of the afterlife, the demonic and witch ... Leakage
world around . The rejection of bourgeois society in which they happen to live, leads to romantic escape their circumstances, imagining the past in which their ideals prevailed over others or inspired by the exotic. Against the neoclassical, who admired the old Greco-Roman, romantics prefer the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. As most common genera, cultivated the novel, the legend and historical drama.
I. Political, social and economic in Spain and Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century.
The first half of the nineteenth century
In the first half of the nineteenth century gave rise to great tensions in Europe: politics, along with some liberal revolutions sign appear reactionary movements that seek to restore the Old Regime, the economy is marked by the industrial revolution and the bourgeoisie, the protagonist of these changes, see their position threatened by 1850 a new social class: the proletariat.
During this period, Spain will experience moments of political instability that prevent the true development and implementation that will determine the late Romanticism. During the War of Independence (1808-1814), was promulgated in Cadiz sign a liberal constitution (1812). However, when Fernando VII came to the throne in 1814, abolished the constitution and imposed new absolutism, which was threatened by the revolt of Irrigation and the Liberal Triennium. The restoration of the monarch absolute power was accompanied by a period of harsh repression, which led to the exile of many liberals. After
the king's death in 1833, which triggered a civil war between Carlists (absolutist) and Elizabethan (liberals) on the grounds of the estate, was granted an amnesty that allowed the return of exiles and thus, the true development of Romanticism in Spain. At the moment you open a period marked by the regency of Maria Cristina and Espartero during the minority of Isabel II. Mendizabal liberal minister decreed during the regency of Maria Cristina expropriation of church property (which is known as the confiscation of Mendizabal). This measure, which was raised as an economic health, is also in the confrontation during these years lived the Church (which had supported the Carlist) and the liberal regime. Access to the throne of Elizabeth II in 1843 reopened an age of decline in the freedoms that will be materialized in the dictatorship of Narvaez in 1848.
The rise of Romanticism in Spain was very brief (between 1833 and 1850, when he had begun its decline in Europe.) Beginning in 1850, appears in the literary horizon a new trend: Realism. This coexists with later manifestation of Romanticism, the Posromanticismo, which is part of the work of Becquer and Rosalia de Castro. II.-
literary Romanticism.
delivery is characterized by the imagination and subjectivity, freedom of thought and expression and its idealization of nature.
BÉCQUER III.-POEMS OF
are divided into four series are:
a) Poems and poetry.
I know a strange giant anthem ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
I
I know a strange giant anthem
advertising on the night of the soul a dawn
and these pages are in this hymn cadences
the air expands in the shadows.
I wanted to write, man taming
the rebellious, mean language, with words that were
a
time sighs and laughter, colors and notes.
But in vain is to fight, no figure
able to shut him up, and oh just beautiful!
if having my hands in yours
could, hearing, cantártelo alone. Saeta
to flying ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
II flying arrow that crosses
thrown randomly
and not know where shaking will drive
;
dry tree leaf
snatches the gale,
no one guesses
groove where the dust return;
giant wave ripples
wind and pushed into the sea, and wheels
happens, and it is unknown what beach looking
goeth
light that shines
trembling next fences
expiring and they do not know what the final will
;
that's me that perhaps cross
the world without thinking where I come from or where I take my steps
.
not say that your treasure is exhausted ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
IV
not say that your treasure is exhausted, Subjects
missing, silenced the lira.
may not be poets, but there will always
poetry.
While waves of light ignites the heart
kiss,
while the sun
torn clouds of fire and gold, while the air
in its lap
perfumes and harmonies, while there
spring in the world,
will be poetry!
While science does not discover
the sources of life,
and at sea or in heaven that there is an abyss
calculated;
while always advancing humanity
do not know how to walk, while
there is a mystery to man,
There will be poetry!
While we feel that the soul rejoices,
without the lips smiling, while
cry without weeping
go to cloud the eyes,
while the heart and head
continue struggling, while there is hope
and memories,
will be poetry!
While there are eyes that reflect
the eyes that look,
while sighing lips respond
the lips that sigh,
as a kiss can feel
two confused souls,
while there is a beautiful woman, there
poetry!
What is poetry?, Mutter Jab ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
What is poetry?, Say while
nailed my pupil your blue pupil.
What is poetry? And you ask me?
Poetry ... you.
b) Love Poems.
Today the earth and skies smiling at me ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
XVII
Today the earth and skies smiling at me,
today reached the bottom of my soul the sun,
today I see ... I've seen and I looked ...
today believe in God!
For a look, a world ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
XXIII
For a look, a world
a smile, a sky;
for a kiss ...
I do not know what gave you a kiss.
Two red tongues of fire ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
XXIV
Two red tongues of fire
that linked to a single trunk,
approaching and kissing
form a single flame
two notes of the lute
at a time hand start,
and space are
and harmonious embrace;
two waves that come together
to die on a beach
and breaking
are crowned with a tuft of silver
two strips of steam that the lake
and join up there in heaven
form a white cloud
two ideas that the pair spring,
two kisses that explode at the same time,
two echoes that are confused, so are ours
two souls.
c) Poems of disappointments and failures.
Sighs are air and go to the air ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
XXXVIII
Sighs are air and go on the air!
Tears are water and go to sea! Dime
woman when love is forgotten
do you know where it goes?
You were the hurricane and I high ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
XLI
You were the hurricane and I
high tower defying his power:
had to crash or Abbot! ...
could not be!
You were the ocean and I
upright rock steady sway awaits:
had to to break or tear! ...
could not be! Hermosa
you, me proud:
each coil used, the other not to give;
the narrow way, inevitable clash ...
could not be!
d) Poetry of utter desolation.
Giant waves that break with roaring ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
LII
giant waves that break with roaring
on deserted beaches and remote
enveloped in a sheet of foam,
away with you!
hurricane gusts snatch
high withered forest leaves,
drawn into the maelstrom blind,
away with you!
breaking storm clouds lightning and fire
detached ornáis the fringes,
caught between the dark mist,
away with you!
Take me out of pity to where vertigo
reason I start with the memory.
For pity's sake! I have
afraid to be alone with my pain!
The dark swallows will return ...
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer
LIII
The dark swallows will return
on your balcony to hang their nests,
and again with the wing to play call
crystals.
But those who refrained flight
your beauty and my happiness,
those who learned our names ...
those ... Not return!
be back the thick
honeysuckle
in you garden with the adobe walls scalar
and back to the still later
finest flowers are opened.
But those of dew which drops
watched tremble and fall like tears of the day ...
those ... Not return!
will return the love in your Ardent words
ears ringing;
your heart from its slumbers
may awaken.
But silent and absorbed and knees,
as God is worshiped at his altar,
as I have loved you ..., do not kid yourself,
anyone like you love.
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